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Sanger sequencing of 34 individual clones indicated that the libraries contained an average of slightly over two codon mutations per gene, with a very low rate of insertions and deletions (less than 0.1 per gene).
For example, the rate of insertions versus deletions in C. elegans pseudogenes is 2.8 to 1 (I D = 0.36) [ 53], which is very similar to the rates found in human pseudogenes (I D = 0.33) [ 54].
However, the relevance of this tolerance to insertional mutations is unclear, since HA's actual antigenic evolution involves almost entirely point substitutions, with only a very low rate of insertions and deletions.
In addition, Roche 454 platform is more likely to have higher sequencing error rate of insertions and deletions, while Illumina platform typically possesses higher sequencing error rate of mismatches [ 19].
Other studies have focused on Drosophila in which transposable elements are finely annotated, and they pointed out the low fixation rate of insertions (Perez-Gonzalez and Eickbush 2002; Petrov et al. 2003), despite some recently discovered cases of adaptation induced by mobile elements (Gonzalez et al. 2008).
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Panels A and B refer to simulations where the rate ratio of insertions to deletions was 1 1 and 1 3, respectively.
In all patients, catheters were inserted without complication and the success rate of insertion was 100%%.
The success rate of insertion was 100%%, with an average of 1.57 punctures per each successful cannulation.
In the second series of experiments, we controlled the rate of insertion and removal by means of an electric motor.
The ILMA is an easy-to-use airway with a high success rate of insertion, and requires little training.
We have compared the laryngeal tube and laryngeal mask in 22 patients for the success rate of insertion, gas leak pressure and the incidence of gastric insufflation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com