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A theoretical analysis of the continuous effect is also presented, and indicates that the continuous activation effect is most likely to be effective when the rate of impurity adsorption is under diffusion control.
The rate of impurity allowed in certified seed is 5%: with a seed density of 60 000 plants per hectare, even 1% of contaminants will result in 600 crop-wild hybrids sown in a field.
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Thus, the theoretical model can be used to design the growth rate and predict the distribution of impurity to the silicon purification process by directional solidification.
Therefore, the formation and dissolution rate of porous alumina in the impurity-induced heat-affected zone are accelerated, as shown in Figure 4b.
Gel filtration of the protein with a Superdex 75 10/300 GL (GE) column was performed with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min to remove impurities.
The concentrated protein was then run on a Superdex 75 10/300 GL (GE) gel filtration column in the same buffer, with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min to remove impurities.
After adsorption equilibrium under the optimum condition, the adsorbate-laden column was first washed with 8 BV of distilled water and 4 BV of 10% aqueous ethanol solution at a constant flow rate of 2 BV/h to elute impurities and then eluted with different concentrations of ethanol (70%, 80 %, 90 %, 95 at the flow rate of 2 BV/h, respectively.
The 'dynamic' model of decohesion proposed in this work extends their analysis to an arbitrary relation between the rates of separation and impurity transport to the interface, including transient kinetics in which the two rates are comparable to one another.
In this work, (1) we first define a global and quasi-equilibria of our interest based on a simple thermodynamic model for a doped crystal, and then (2) we discuss how the cooling rate affects the probability of impurity-complex formation at a quasi-equilibrium as defined.
Impurities increased the rate of sintering at a given temperature and reduced the activation energy.
Si cooled down at a rate of 1 K/min showed an increase in impurity content (e.g., B: 4.2 ppmw) owing to solid-state back-diffusion.
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