A strong positive correlation (about 0.05 ppm h−1 ppm−1 with r2 about 0.9 for the range 1000 500000 ppm) was observed between atmospheric CO2 concentration and the rate of fixation up to concentrations of around 8800 ppm CO2.
N fixation input is estimated by multiplying the rate of fixation (kg N ha−1) for each natural ecosystem by its area within the basin.
Visual fields with false-positive responses of more than 15%, false-negative responses, or a rate of fixation loss of more than 20% were not included in this analysis.
arabiensis, showing high rate of fixation of synonymous substitutions.
Ka is the rate of fixation for non-synonymous SNPs whereas Ks is the rate of fixation for synonymous SNPs.
The locations of these isolation loci could influence the rate of fixation.
Under neutrality, fixation rate is expected to be equal, but positive selection would increase the rate of fixation in nonsynonymous sites.
This would then slow the rate of fixation of slightly deleterious mutations, which would result in a reduction in the overall nucleotide substitution rate.
In this model, the evolution within each host is not explicitly considered and U represents the rate of fixation of new mutations within a host.
The rate of fixation of mitochondrial genes is four times greater on average than the rate of fixation of nuclear autosomal genes; this is because the effective population size of mitochondrial loci is one-fourth that of nuclear autosomal loci due to the haploidy and uniparental inheritance of the mitochondrial genome and diploidy and biparental inheritance of the nuclear genome [30].
An important problem, in this scenario, is whether HIV-1 subtypes may differ in the rate of fixation of mutations conferring drug resistance in individuals under ARV therapy, a point recently addressed in a single report [13].
