Prior to first treatment entry, the rate of criminal convictions was generally high, with a daily rate of criminality within the cohort of approximately 0.4% per day.
The Gypsy rate of criminality is high (though ill-treatment of Gypsies in judicial systems is high also).
Among patients with ADHD, the rate of criminality is lower when they are receiving ADHD medication [ 12].
14 Witkin et al 7 found a significantly increased rate of criminality in 47,XYY (n=12) even after adjusting for social class and intelligence, while the crime rate among KS (n=16) after adjustment was similar to the background population.
Mr Gaikawad attributes high rates of criminality to poverty, but believes culture also plays a part: "The more criminal cases against a Pardhi man, the higher his status, and therefore the better his marriage prospects are".
Unlike the crime-ridden 1990s, rates of criminality mean are extremely low.
Since then, things have got better.Although Afro-Caribbeans still suffer from more than their share of problems, such as high rates of criminality, low achievement by black boys at school and family breakdown, they differ little from the problems suffered by poor whites.
Comparing ADHD medication use and incidences of criminality among patients with ADHD, Lichtenstein et al. [ 28] have reported that the rates of criminality were lower during periods of medication use compared to periods off medication in the same patients.
ADHD is known to have a broad range of negative outcomes for adults, including relatively high rates of criminality, poor job performance, lower occupational status, problems in social skills, poor driving records, and comorbid psychiatric disorders [ 14, 15, 34].
Untreated ADHD/HKD is frequently associated with underachievement in school, harm to relationships with family, teachers and friends, increased rates of criminality and accidents; and the development of comorbid psychiatric symptoms including oppositionality, anxiety, depression and substance misuse [ 3, 4].
He links the epidemic of single parenthood among blacks to the high rate of black criminality (this provoked Jesse Jackson to whisper that he wanted to "cut his nuts off").
