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Patients were asked to fill in the questionnaire and rate clarity and comprehensiveness of the title, questionnaire instruction, and questions on two eleven-point visual analogue scales (VAS), ranging from zero to ten (where ten indicated the highest level).
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This study was designed to determine (1) the elapsed time between observing operative performances and completing performance ratings under field conditions and (2) the effect of increased elapsed time on rating clarity and detail.
In the pre-study patient survey (response rate 31%) patients rated clarity for title 9.6 ± 0.9, instruction 9.3 ± 1.4 and questions 9.6 ± 0.7, and comprehensiveness for title 9.6 ± 0.7, instruction 9.3 ± 1.4 and questions 9.8 ± 0.4.
For example, it asks users to rate the clarity of the policy itself on a scale of one to five.
It asked a half-dozen scientists working at NSF through a policy fellowship program managed by AAAS (which publishes Science) to rate the clarity of the titles of 200 recent grants.
This 15-item questionnaire asked patients to rate the clarity of the trial information provided by the HCP.
At the end of the health utility exercise, we asked the subjects to rate the clarity of the computer program on a 5-point response scale: "very confusing," "confusing," "neither confusing nor clear," "clear," or "very clear".
The questionnaire provided a two-page overview of the proposed framework, followed by questions which asked respondents to rate the clarity, comprehensiveness, usefulness, and importance of the concepts in the framework, and the framework itself, using seven-point ordinal scales.
We asked panellists to separately rate the clarity, or lack of ambiguity, of each statement as well as the necessity of including it in the general practice patient safety toolkit that would be applicable to primary care settings in any country.
However, the only scientific way to compare one treatment with another is for the choice between the two treatments to be made randomly.' Both groups were then presented with seven statements (in a balanced order) explaining randomisation (see Table 1-wrap>) and were asked to rate the clarity of each statement on a scale of 0 10 (0 being 'not at all clear' and 10 being 'very clear').
The version with the explicit discussion of the option of no screening ("with" version) was rated subjectively as less strongly in favor of CRC screening, but had lower subjective rating of clarity and a lower overall rating.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com