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Exact(13)
It used to be said that all the international traveller needed was a passport and a plentiful supply of US currency: every local trader knew the value of their own money against the mighty dollar, and therefore would readily accept American bills (though possibly at a rate calibrated to offer them a distinct advantage).
The continuous-wave signal laser LD1 is applied, with its photon rate calibrated via loss and laser power measurements in our optical setup.
Evolutionary geneticist Johannes Krause of the University of Tübingen in Germany, however, wasn't so sure that a mutation rate calibrated for living humans could be applied so far back in time.
After the oxide removal, the substrates were immediately transferred to the MBE reactor and degassed at 640 °C prior to Ga droplet formation at 545 °C by deposition of 0.7 monolayers (ML) of Ga with 0.1 ML/s growth rate calibrated for planar GaAs growth on GaAs 001).
Gyrochronology is the determination of a star's age based on the rotation rate, calibrated using the Sun.
Both studies found that intra-human substitution rates were higher compared to the rate calibrated from the human-chimpanzee divergence point.
Similar(47)
However, we can estimate the age of At-α using synonymous substitutions rates calibrated for the Brassicaceae because our results demonstrate its restricted to the family.
Absolute divergence date estimation from molecular data at these time scales is non-trivial, as it requires precise calibration at the root of the tree (and ideally at nodes of interest) with DNA derived from sub-fossil tissues, or mutation rates calibrated to specific lineages with high quality fossils of known genealogical placement [ 5, 42].
RAxML (ML) and BPP (BI) analysis included a single arbitrary close outgroup (H. mitchelli), while the BEAST (BI) and *BEAST (BI) rate-calibrated trees were completed without an outgroup for improved precision of branch length estimates.
The potential percolation rate was calibrated to fit the observed flow rate of a stream.
Besides measured values for the hydraulic parameters and the maximum autotrophic growth rate, we calibrated two other parameters (oxygen re-aeration rate and adsorption coefficients of ammonium) to reduce the difference between predictions and measurements.
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