Bias takes many forms: treatment bias, volunteer bias, medical center bias, ascertainment bias, admission rate bias, reclassification bias, and many, many more.
First, a systematic study was conducted on monolithic coatings as a function of each of the following deposition parameters: nitrogen flow rate, bias voltage, and target current.
The detailed empirical investigation of the extent of a bias for cost cap tariffs, in particular, in relation to the well-known flat rate bias, therefore, seems to be a fruitful avenue for future research.
Winklhofer et al. (1997) argued that some magnetic grains near the SD/PSD size boundary can have a cooling rate bias that is opposite in sign to SD grains on the basis of micromagnetic simulations.
There is, however, a possibility that this observation may be an example of admission rate bias (Berkdon's bias) as hypertension and headache are common medical disorders and consulting the doctor for one of the disorders may give a higher likelihood of detecting the other condition.
Nonresponse rate bias (Armstrong and Overton, 1977) was assessed using t-test comparing early (1 2 weeks) and late respondents (after 2 weeks) of selected firm-related variables such as firm age, number of employees, total investment, foreign revenues, and key performance measurements − sale growth, increase in unit production, ROI, ROS of international operations.
Increasing its detection rate at the risk of a higher false alarm rate biases the pooled effect size estimates more not less because papers reporting large effect sizes are less likely to be judged inconsistent.
Maximum likelihood estimates of dN/dS were used since they are more accurate than approximate methods such as the Nei-Gojobori method when transition/transversion rate biases and nucleotide composition or codon frequency biases exist [19].
First, to account for possible sequence-dependent mutation rate biases, we used published mutation rates of different bases in Drosophila [19] to correct the raw SNP and substitution densities (Methods).
Using this approach accounts for transition/transversion rate biases, codon usage bias, and multiple substitutions.
None of the methods showed excessive error rate biases on any chromosome.
