At the other extreme are the mouse and rat, which lack trappin genes entirely [ 20], though the guinea pig has genes for trappin-12 and its derivatives caltrin II and seminal vesicle secretory protein (SVP), which lack TGS- and WAP-coding regions, respectively [ 21, 22].
This drawback is particularly an issue in nude mice and nude rats, which lack abdominal fat.
To establish a more robust infection, we injected nude rats, which lack a functional adaptive immune system.
Chronically decerebrate rats, which lack direct neural connections between the hindbrain and forebrain, significantly reduce food intake in a manner comparable to intact rats when treated with peripheral doses of mCPP or d-fenfluramine, a drug which increases serotonin release and inhibits serotonin reuptake [8,12].
However, of note a different team of investigators working with SERT-deficient rats which lack platelet-derived 5-HT due to absence of uptake from the gut failed to demonstrate a role for this source of 5-HT in liver regeneration [36].
For all three studied substrates, uptake characteristics only minimally differ between wild-type and the mutant TR− rats, which lack of the efflux pump Mrp2.
However, approaches currently applied to detect structural cardiotoxicity use human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs), which have associated ethical concerns, use 'cardiac like' cell lines e.g. rat H9C2 cells19 which lack key characteristics representative of cardiomyocytes or use cells from preclinical species20.
Using mitochondria from rat liver, which lack uncoupling proteins, in the present study we show that energization (specifically, high membrane potential) is required for 4-hydroxynonenal to activate proton conductance mediated by adenine nucleotide translocase.
To test whether APP and APP-CTFs can also be reduced through this mechanism, we induced autophagy in B103 rat neuroblastoma cells which lack endogenous rat APP and are stably transfected with wildtype human APP695 (B103/hAPP69563].
The first one exhibits a low activity with ethanol and comprises mouse and rat ADH2, both showing Pro47, and rabbit ADH2B, which lacks a His residue at both positions 47 or 51 (Table 6).
