Moreover, this study has provided a novel method to upregulate the locomotor activity by inducing the reward seeking behavior and by reward learning the "reward-motion" connectivity had gotten enhanced for the optogenetic rats, thus indicating further applications in the field of neural engineering such as animal robotics for precise control of animal behaviors.
Although neither Tempol nor apocynin altered relaxation to Ach in control group, they significantly improved vasodilation in untreated AIA rats, thus indicating that overproduction of O2-. as well as overactivation of NADPH oxidase contribute to endothelial dysfunction in arthritis, as previously demonstrated [ 4].
Interestingly, Figueiredo et al. [ 21] have shown that relaxin inhibits expression of the typical M1-cytokine IL 1β in rat macrophages, thus indicating a potential role for relaxins in the tumour-associated phenotype shift to M2.
Rat AF cells are sensitive to substrate stiffness which can regulate the morphology, growth, apoptosis and ECM metabolism of rat AF cells, thus indicating the importance of substrate choice for cell transplantation and regeneration for the treatment of disc degeneration using tissue-engineering technique.
Interestingly, diabetes impairs hippocampal learning and memory in diabetic (DB) rats and mice, thus indicating its detrimental effects on neurogenesis and synaptic neuronal plasticity (Stranahan et al, 2008).
Moreover, Gremlin 1 was shown to activate Wnt/ β-catenin signalling in normal rat intestinal epithelial cells, thus indicating that stromal-derived factors regulate Wnt/ β-catenin-signalling activity in the intestinal stem cell niche.
Biochemical analyses showed significant higher levels of GPx, malondialdehyde and dinitrophenylhydrazine in Group 1 rats that for rats in all other groups thus indicating protective effects of ASTA on MNU induced hepatic oxidative stress.
During the entire period examined, the IR and R groups exhibited similar forepaw sensorimotor performances, thus indicating that the delayed recovery observed in these rats, compared to the I-SE rats, can be mainly attributed to the disruption of activity along the forepaw somatosensory pathways.
As shown in Figure 2, all partial S-segment sequences from humans, laboratory rats, and wild rats fell into the SEOV genetic clade, well separated from other hantaviruses, thus indicating that the HFRS outbreak was caused by SEOV.
Adjustment of toxins to rats did increase the biliary excretion of oxidised glutathione, thus indicating that biliary levels of oxidised glutathione may be a good measure of oxidative- or chemical stress [ 6].
In an animal model of wound healing and in a rat fibular osteotomy model, microgravity retards neovascularization [ 30, 31], thus indicating the occurrence of microvascular endothelial dysfunction.
