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Based on this concept, Ranganathan et al. carried out rat studies using 5/6th nephrectomized animals fed with a probiotic cocktail of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and S. thermophilus [ 25].
While these are relatively small numbers, they should be considered in the context of the high incidence of abnormalities found in rat studies using DBP.
Previous bioassay rat studies, using a pharmacological inhibitor, demonstrated that a significant proportion of the acute BP effect of bolus β-FXIIa is mediated via the PAC-1 receptor [ 13].
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Most experimental rat studies uses rather short evaluation periods with an emphasis on the evaluation periods of 2 4 weeks [5], [7], [9], [10], [11], even though some studies have follow up periods up to 16 weeks [14].
The rat studies used GeneChip Rat Genome 230 2.0 arrays (Affymetrix), which contain over 31,000 probe sets that target transcripts representing over 28,700 rat genes.
Because both the HLA-B27 transgenic rat and Lewis rat studies used males, the efficacy of WAY-169916 (5 mg/kg) was compared in intact male and female Lewis rats with the same experimental design as described above.
Furthermore, all these pig and rat studies used exposures to pure ME; so the effects of concurrent triazine exposure (ME+CA) on ME disposition and tissue withdrawal time are not known.
A rat study using an intermediate dosing regimen of 21 days found a decrease in total triglycerides that was mediated via lipase induction (Mocchiutti and Bernal 1997).
For example, a recent rat study using an intrabony defect showed less gingival recession, a deeper sulcus, and shorter junctional epithelium upon EMD treatment [ 3].
Consistent with our findings, accumulation of Ceria NM-212 in extrapulmonary tissue and associated toxicity appeared to be low as reported in a rat study using intravenous injection of neutron-activated Cer NM-212 (Molina et al. 2014).
The prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrates in the rat from studies using microsomal preparations and isolated hepatocytes is elaborated in the chapter.
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