After 23 hr of deprivation of food and water, each rat was provided with two identical bottles, one with 1% sucrose solution and another with tap water.
The tandem-tagged LC3 construct mCherry-EGFP-LC3B (human) was kindly provided by T. Johansen (University of Tromsø, Norway), and EGFP-LC3 (rat) was provided by T. Yoshimori (National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan) and J. Oliver (Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', CSIC, Granada, Spain).
Oral mucosal tissues derived from luc tg rats were provided by the Division of Organ Replacement Research Center for Molecular Medicine of Jichi Medical School.
F344/Stm (NBRP-Rat No.0140), DA/Slc (NBRP-Rat No.0157) and PVG/Seac (NBRP-Rat No.0080) rats were provided by the National Bio Resource Project for the Rat in Japan ( www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nbr).
All the experimental rats were provided with standard rat chow and water ad libitum.
The rats were provided with the standard rat pellets and clean water ad libitum.
Four Sprague Dawley rats were provided by the Animal Care Center as stated above.
Group A rats were provided standard rat chow while Groups B and C rats were on/diet (30%% ghee and 30%% sugar).
BNP increased BKCa currents and suppressed membrane excitability of DRG neurons, and inhibited spontaneous and evoked pain behaviors induced by BmK I. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were provided by Shanghai Experimental Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Subsequently, in the test session, rats were provided access to two bottles with 1% sucrose solution and water, respectively, for one hour.
