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Capuchins are also noted for being very adept at capturing small rapid prey, such as birds, lizards, squirrels, and coatis [40].
When predator-resistance is effective but costly to defended phenotypes, rapid prey adaptation can induce large predator-prey oscillations and destabilization.
Limnetic stickleback feed on evasive strain-sensitive copepods, so we might reasonably expect limnetics to possess morphology associated with rapid prey capture kinematics [ 23].
Although MYOs appear to be compatible with both type I and type II venoms [ 33], their primary role appears to be rapid prey incapacitation.
We found that higher prey genetic variance, and the increasingly rapid prey evolution that results from it, shortens the predator population's vulnerable period of extremely low abundance, when extinction would be likely due to demographic stochasticity.
The production of cryptic cycles via rapid prey adaptation shows a passing similarity to our results, in which high genetic diversity had no effects on predator stability but led to stabilization of total Synura abundance in the presence of Brachionus.
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This device for rapid immobilization of prey has proved successful whenever it has occurred, and several different lines of evolution can be detected both in the type of injector tooth and in the chemical composition or mode of action of the venoms.
In many prehistoric ecosystems, predator competition appears to have been more intense than today [42], [45], [46], so rapid killing of prey would have been important, and this could have acted as a selective driving force favouring rapid killing of prey [47], [48].
The predators' rapid detection of prey scents suggests that, like the acoustic and visual signals studied so far, the use of olfactory signals will expose individuals to predator mediated selection pressures.
Conversely, toxins with systemic effects (e.g., toxicity) such as 3FTxs are more effective when spread through the envenomated organism is rapid, resulting in prey immobilization.
The central prediction of the EAR hypothesis is that escapes from enemies trigger rapid radiations in prey lineages [ 3, 6, 8], but our phylogenetic results directly contradict this proposition.
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