The emergence of V. cholerae O139 has received global attention not only as the first non O1 V. cholerae capable of causing epidemic outbreaks but also because of the rapid genetic re-assortment undergone by strains of this new serogroup.
These two processes counteract the mixing process that emerges from migration and thus rapid evolution can increase positive assortment.
At low frequencies of cooperators, rapid evolutionary dynamics decreased positive assortment (compare scenarios with and without selection in Figure 1).
To identify effects of rapid evolution we investigate how assortment of cooperators and defectors and pay-off differences between cooperators and defectors depend on the occurrence of evolutionary dynamics.
Thus, rapid evolutionary dynamics can increase positive assortment which facilitates the evolution of cooperation.
Specifically, rapid evolution occurs because changes in positive assortment feed back on evolutionary dynamics, which crucially impacts the evolution of cooperation.
The rapid expansion of nanotechnology provided a huge assortment of nanoparticles (NPs) that differ in chemical composition, size, shape, surface charge and chemistry, and coating and dispersion status.
Greater positive assortment can be achieved by rapid evolution because in mixed groups that contain cooperators and defectors, cooperators have higher death and lower reproduction rates than defectors.
During reproduction, random assortment of chromosomes allows for rapid mixing of protective inserts for various pathogens, and selection from copious offspring allows for rapid development of a population with multiple virus tolerance.
In contrast, at low frequencies of cooperators rapid evolutionary dynamics lead to a decrease in assortment, which acts against the evolution of cooperation.
The increase in positive assortment that occurs in our model results from rapid evolutionary dynamics.
