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Six policy options are evaluated under the complete ranges of uncertainty factors in a total of 6 × 5 × 4 = 120 model runs.
A more realistic approach is to introduce ranges of uncertainty in the parameters themselves, or in their derivation, from underlying approximations.
Nonetheless, profitable geothermal exploitation is possible in the western part, albeit more risky given the lower temperatures in Boreholes II and III (Fig. 14) and their ranges of uncertainty (Fig. 16).
A simple analysis quantifies the sensitivity of potentially measurable indicators (i.e. vertical temperature profiles and surface heat flow) to variations in depth, temperature, and shape of the heat source within given ranges of uncertainty.
In addition to new best fit values for all rate parameters, the covariance matrix of the optimized parameters, which provides a quantitative description of the temperature-dependent ranges of uncertainty for the optimized rate coefficients, was calculated.
For this approach, Γ c t, Γ h t, Γ nl t represent cardinality budgets [26] introduced to adjust the ranges of uncertainty for the cooling, thermal and net electricity load (P l t − P pv t ) in period t by the system operators, respectively; these affect the robustness of the problem against the level of conservatism of the solution.
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Generate a series of independent random numbers using a uniform distribution for each parameter within defined ranges of uncertainties at Step 1.
Some ranges of uncertainties for these estimates are provided in the literature giving high confidence (±5%) in estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production but high uncertainty for emissions from land-use change (±70%).
There is a range of uncertainty around exactly how frequently major flooding events will occur, based on different rates of sea level rise and hurricane occurrence.
Then again, they might not: 1.8C is within our range of uncertainty; and natural variability will affect what happens in the 2050s anyway.
"Sagan's scenario may well be correct," Singer wrote in 1983, "but the range of uncertainty is so great that the prediction is not particularly useful".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com