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The deformation microstructure contains neither long range orientation gradients nor heterogeneities and the crystals are resistant to recrystallization in the range 250 350°C, although rapid recrystallization can be induced if the crystal surfaces are lightly abraded.
Bees perform short-range and long-range orientations flights.
We categorized flights into short- and long-range orientation flights.
Applying harmonic radar technology for flight tracking, we address the question of whether bees learn landscape features during their first short-range or long-range orientation flight.
(2) The duration of long-range orientation flights declined from the first to the fourth flight because the bees spent less time inspecting the immediate surroundings of the hive.
They are able to distinguish different optical patterns and may use vision for long-range orientation.
Our study suggests that vision plays a larger role in the short-range orientation behaviour of free-flying bats than previously recognized, and we advocate a need for more controlled experiments in natural settings when assessing sensory modality integration in bats.
It would therefore be of interest to examine whether adaptation, using adapting stimuli with quickly changing orientation, as in our protocol, or using natural scenes that contain a wide range of orientations, also improves orientation discrimination.
Orientation maps, which cover the full range of orientations, were computed based on the 4 measured orientations using vector summation, and downsampled to 18 bins of 10° each.
We calculate the largest wrench-closure circular zone centered at an arbitrary point of the trajectory for a given range of orientations around a reference orientation of the limb.
The previous stages compute the visual information considering a Taylor representation of each pixel and calculating the speed for a range of orientations in order to simulate the orientation columns found in the striate cortex [9].
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