We categorized flights into short- and long-range orientation flights.
Applying harmonic radar technology for flight tracking, we address the question of whether bees learn landscape features during their first short-range or long-range orientation flight.
(2) The duration of long-range orientation flights declined from the first to the fourth flight because the bees spent less time inspecting the immediate surroundings of the hive.
They are able to distinguish different optical patterns and may use vision for long-range orientation.
Our study suggests that vision plays a larger role in the short-range orientation behaviour of free-flying bats than previously recognized, and we advocate a need for more controlled experiments in natural settings when assessing sensory modality integration in bats.
Bees perform short-range and long-range orientations flights.
We calculate the largest wrench-closure circular zone centered at an arbitrary point of the trajectory for a given range of orientations around a reference orientation of the limb.
Orientation maps, which cover the full range of orientations, were computed based on the 4 measured orientations using vector summation, and downsampled to 18 bins of 10° each.
"We take into account age range, sexual orientation, if they are open to living with two other roommates, to parent and child situations -- moving in with a family -- to pets, pet peeves, religious or racial preferences, if any, marijuana use, reformed alcoholics, smoking.
Each of these exercise levels could involve only the scientific agency, or other civil defence and responding organisations, and may range from orientation to full scale exercises (see Table 4), as appropriate.
