There is growing interest in the use of passive IC models, together with a range of transgenic knockouts, to identify crucial pathways of inflammation and tissue destruction.
Microarrays are a powerful method for detecting changes in gene expression and here we examine data from a range of different knockout mice.
But the results remained equivocal until the generation of a range of Vamp knockout mice.
A range of conventional Brca1 knockout mouse models has been generated in an attempt to study the effects of BRCA1 loss.
We took the best knockout strategies reported by Lun et al. [ 10] with numbers of knockouts ranging from 1 to 8.
The importance of biofilm formation and quorum sensing in the pathogenesis of establishing P. aeruginosa infection has been demonstrated in a range of animal models where gene knockouts for one or more of the QSSMs or their receptors render the bacterium almost avirulent., A novel approach to P. aeruginosa vaccine development would be to use QSSM carrier protein conjugates as vaccine formulations.
Mutants of tRNAAla having diverse sequence combinations in the acceptor-stem region and a broad range of functional activity to support knockout cell growth were isolated.
Although lens vesicles were formed in the triple conditional knockout, a range of subsequent defects included abnormal cell proliferation, lack of cell elongation, and increased apoptosis, consistent with a multitude of roles for FGF signaling during lens development.
A wide range of experiments in which gene-knockout mouse models have been created, yielding different genetic backgrounds, have highlighted that genetics is an important determinant of gut microbiota composition (Benson et al., 2010; Hildebrand et al., 2013; Kovacs et al., 2011).
These models are very flexible in that they can be used to investigate a range of genetic changes (including, e.g. heterozygous knockouts), and produce whole-organism phenotypes (including neuronal microcircuitry abnormalities, excitation-inhibition imbalance, and behavioural febrile seizure phenotypes).
Extrapolation from observations in animal models is difficult as inhibition of kinase function in a mature animal will clearly not produce the range of developmental anomalies seen in germline knockout studies.
