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Crompton makes surfactants to improve spreading and wetting properties for a range of insecticides.
In this study we collected and reared An. funestus to the F1 generation in order to analyse the susceptibility status of a population of this species to a wide range of insecticides and to broadly characterise the main resistance mechanisms involved.
Tribolium has proven highly adaptable, developing resistance to a wide range of insecticides raising the need for the development of improved and novel control agents.
A range of insecticides may need to be used rather than just the currently used pyrethroid insecticides to prevent resistance from developing and expanding.
Such P450 cross-resistance to different insecticide classes was recently reported in An. gambiae for the CYP6M2 gene [ 13] or for the CYP6G1 in D. melanogaster which has been showed to metabolize a wide range of insecticides [ 50].
Members of CYP6 have been implicated in resistance to a broad range of insecticides (e.g., OPs, pyrethroids, DDT, and neonicotinoids) in many insects [ 15, 18- 20], while less evidence implicates CYP9s in the detoxification of insecticides.
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Lastly, molecular modeling and docking of a candidate cytochrome P450 (CYP397A1V2) revealed the flexibility of the deduced protein to metabolize a broad range of insecticide substrates including DDT, deltamethrin, permethrin, and imidacloprid.
A simple additive effect was found for the pyrethroid-resistant BC strain in the low to medium range of insecticide activity, while at high doses antagonistic behaviour was observed.
Over the last few decades WCR has evolved resistance to crop rotation [ 3, 5, 6], a range of chemical insecticides [ 7– 10] and to transgenic maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) [ 11].
A single p450 gene, Cyp6g1, is sufficient and necessary for DDT resistance [ 28] and its cross-resistance to a wide range of other insecticides has also been identified in Drosophila[ 71, 72].
In contrast, Larsen et al. (1999) concluded that the use of a wide range of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides by Danish farmers was not a likely cause of short-term effects on semen quality and reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH, and inhibin).
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