In many industrial applications positioning systems are required to follow trajectory paths in the range of several centimeters and featuring at the same time a nanometre-range precision.
Until recently most studies on vibrational communication have been made within the range of few centimeters and have primarily focused on the species-specific vibrational repertoire (reviewed in [10], [16]).
What continues to surprise us is the extremely wide range of length (centimeters to nanometers), energy (10 1 to 10 11 eV), and time scales (hours to picoseconds) associated with biological redox function.
Although CLSM as well as SRμCT yield excellent image data at high resolutions, we will focus here on μCT and MRI because of (i) the broad availability of the respective instruments, (ii) the possibility to scan specimens within the size range of several centimeters in a standardized manner, and (iii) the feasibility of high-throughput studies involving dozens or even hundreds of specimens.
An experimental setup for OMRI at 0.2 T was built so that dynamic nuclear polarization can occur at depth in the range of a centimeter without any significant heating of the sample.
These blooms extend over distances of tens to hundreds of km at the oceans' surface, while other species, such as Karenia mikimotoi and Dinophysis acuminata, can exist as layers in the water column with a thicknesses ranging from tens of centimeters to meters [ 29].
Paired with a small antenna, the chips broadcast on an unlicensed frequency near the FM band, with a range of a few centimeters to several meters.
The diameters of impact craters ranged between several tens-of-centimeters to 1 m, while those of ballistic ejecta ranged from 10 cm to several tens-of-centimeters (maximum c. 1 m).
Previous research showed that when oil and surfactants spread on the surface of a deep body of water, the spreading velocity is usually quite high, being in the range of several tens of centimeters per second.
If the transmit power is constrained by energy concerns, then only short-range communications (some tenths of centimeters) will be possible: therefore, a multi-hop network architecture is to be preferred.
When the researchers moved the computer screen out of WM's reach--and beyond the centimeters' range of previously studied primate bimodal cells--he was again unable to see the flashes.
