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In our study the mean stress score for the sample was equivalent to that recorded in a large heterogeneous European Spanish "stressed" sample of people coping with a range of adversities [ 23], suggesting that our sample could also be regarded as 'stressed'stressed
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That suggests that early humans were an exceptionally hardy species able to cope with a broad range of adversity.
Positive associations have been found between a range of childhood adversities and headache, including economic hardship, 16 parental separation, 20 poor family environment or neglect, 21 and potentially traumatic events such as disaster, 22 exposure to abuse 23 24 and bullying.
Low birth weight can be indicative of a range of prenatal adversities such as maternal psychological stress, alcohol, drug abuse, or smoking during pregnancy.
Mental health problems in parents are frequently associated with a wide range of other adversities, including family conflicts, domestic violence, divorce and poverty [ 13].
Notwithstanding these limitations, this study represents the first investigation among South Africans of a wide range of childhood adversities and their impact on the onset and persistence of suicidality over the life course.
Still, it is remarkable that effects were observable despite the fact that in some analyses decades had passed between exposure and outcome, and despite the limited range of measured adversities.
This study represents the first investigation among South Africans of a wide range of childhood adversities and their impact on the onset and persistence of suicidality over the life course.
Research suggests that the development of allostatic load might be more influenced by the accumulation of a range of different adversities than by single exposures [ 12, 13] but also that it might be important to take different types of demands into consideration [ 14].
We are aware that our measure of psychosocial adversity, which used job strain as proxy for such adversity in the workplace and number of close persons as a proxy outside of work, will not capture the full range of potential psychosocial adversities that are relevant in mid-life.
The instrument consists of sixteen items assessing the subscales 'willingness to exert effort in completing the behaviour' (range 6 30), 'persistence in the face of adversity' (range 6 30) and 'willingness to initiate behaviour' (range 4 24).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com