Unless there is very strong growth compensation of newly-emerged fry, the wide range of emergence dates will produce broad size ranges in the first few months of life.
Under these conditions we predict a lower threshold size for smolting and predict YOY maturity for a very restricted range of emergence dates and growth rates that are slightly earlier and faster than those predicted to lead to maturity in the Mokelumne.
Other studies have found similarly wide size ranges for young BKT (McFadden 1961; Hutchings 1996), suggesting that a wide range of emergence dates may be common in BKT (Snucins et al. 1992).
The wide range in emergence dates in the spring results from a combination of variation in fertilization dates in the previous autumn and winter development rates during incubation in stream beds.
Such a complex socio-technical system may generate various types of emergent behavior, which may range from simple emergence, through weak emergence, up to strong emergence.
The causes of this difference in response are not clear, but it has been attributed to species specific traits such as tongue length [16], diet [17], species' geographical ranges [18], emergence time [19] and foraging distance [20].
Although the frequency and the extent of silencing occurrence differs according to the genetic background of each line, spontaneous systemic or short-range silencing emergence was always more frequent in plants grown under HL conditions, compared to the LL-grown ones in all the lines tested (see additional file 2: Table S2).
Likewise if male male competition is lower for later emerging males, a wider range of relative emergence times will be expected (Godfray, 1994).
The northern-most populations (Sweden) in our study had the broadest temperature range for root emergence and the longest cold stratification requirement for shoot emergence.
This duty however requires a continuous extension of their operating range, provoking the emergence of complex flow patterns featuring cavitation inside the turbine runner and the draft tube.
