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The amino acid substitution simulations on the HIV-1 HXB2 reference sequence showed that new CTL epitopes are predicted to be readily created by random mutations (Table 1).
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In this gene set the impact of somatic mutations is on average more deleterious than the impact of random mutations from the null (see Table 2 and Figure 3).
Different approaches have been used to measure levels of somatic mtDNA mutations and the results often vary considerably depending on the method used, e.g. cloning-sequencing (CS) or random mutation capture (RMC) (Table 1).
Mutated scFv gene fragments were generated by PCR amplification with primers KM144-KM143 and KM148-KM145 (Table 1), introducing random mutations in CDR3 regions of heavy or light chains with low frequency.
The non-random accumulation of mutations and the excess of corrected synonymous mutations (Table 1) are consistent with purifying selection operating in the evolution of mutagenized populations.
Random mutations were introduced in pairs into the monomeric variant of Cerulean (mCerulean) [5] using degenerate primers (Table S1).
Even harmless, random mutations can block its path.
Random mutations can further damage mitochondrial structure and function.
The others, with random "mutations" that could allow better players to evolve, were given offspring.
How could something so complicated come about incrementally in a series of random mutations?
All organisms are subject to random mutations; evolution then selects for those mutations that are beneficial.
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