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Two of these are considered: (a) gravitational load reaction acting on different points of the wheel rim, as the wheel rolls on, and (b) random fluctuating forces generated at the contact patch by roughness on the mating surfaces of the wheel and rail.
But in reality, insolation is random, fluctuating around some constant level.
The character systems that show an evolutionary rate significantly correlated to that of the mtDNA could be said to be neutral and proportional to time, i.e. evolving under a Brownian motion model [ 22] or subjected to random fluctuating selection [ 23].
The measured trajectory indicates a random, fluctuating path, at odds with the current models.
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However, there is an unresolved issue in this setting — the random fluctuations assumed by GC are serially independent (show no temporal correlations and fluctuate at very fast timescales).
In this approach, a random liquid fluctuating velocity following a Gaussian distribution is used to simulate the fluid phase.
Random variables (fluctuating outdoor conditions), passive design elements (model variables) and active design elements (HVAC system) were set up to represent a realistic building environment.
Here we show that a random-telegraph fluctuating electric field (RTF) consisting of alternating square electric pulses with random lifetimes can also stimulate the Rb-pumping mode of the Na,K-ATPase.
The most notable exception to the Gamma distribution framework is in patient arrival times, which are random and fluctuate depending on the time of day.
The particles are taken as independent random walkers; the fluctuating diffusion equation is solved by finite differences with deterministic and white-noise fluxes.
The results obtained further strengthen the validity of NS-GFMAPR and S-GFMAPR as suitable models for forecasting fluctuating, random and uncertain occurrences.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com