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This approach also grants repeatability to the calculations, reducing the random differences between virtual structures developed by different experimentalists or by using different programs.
The test revealed that the null hypothesis that assumed random differences in coefficients is found statistically and significantly different from zero at 1% level (Prob > chi = 0.0000).
And random differences in development early in life can set the stage for deterioration decades later.
Even random differences are important: Anne helped you with your homework, but her twin sister owes you a dollar.
However, random differences may remain if the sample size is insufficiently large.
Any random differences in the early feedback we receive tend to be amplified as we share our reactions with others.
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Important causes of clustering are non-random differences in the measurements taken by different physicians recruiting in the contributing centers.
Non-random differences in measurements across physicians may also occur because of differences in their patient populations due to e.g. local referral patterns.
(F) This process of undirected mutation and natural selection (non-random differences in survival and reproductive success) occurs over many generations, each time leading to a concentration of the most beneficial traits in the next generation.
Besides subjectivity of measurements, there are various other reasons for non-random differences across physicians.
We accounted for such possible non-random differences within countries (clusters) using multilevel logistic regression techniques.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com