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While most individuals in Ywalateke have title deeds, those on the lower altitude areas (Chepkopegh and Morpus) still operate under the group ranch system although land boundaries are delineated and they have allotment letters/numbers (Saxer 2014).
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Ranch Systems, for instance, supplies equipment and software to a dozen vineyards in Northern California.
Any restriction of movements could compromise the overall economic and environmental benefits of pastoral production systems, which can yield greater economic benefits in comparison with commercial fenced ranch systems and arguably causes less environmental damage and has landscape restorative potential (Boone 2007; de Leeuw and Peacock 1982; McGranaghan 2008; Lindsey et al. 2013).
The ranching system was formally introduced in 1975 through the Tribal Grazing Land Policy TGLPP) as an option to promote the conservation and sustainability of dryland ecosystems (Magole 2009; RoB 1975).
The relevance of the ranching system in rangeland resource management and its principal assumptions has been hotly debated in the pastoralism literature (Rohde et al. 2006; Dougill et al. 1999; Ellis and Swift 1988).
And that doesn't even take into consideration the estimated $500 million annual cost to American taxpayers for subsidizing the welfare ranching system that is driving wild horses from the range in the first place!
It is noteworthy that the C. yacare farming method in Brazil is a ranching system that includes the regulation of egg collection from wild populations and is authorized by Ordinance no.
Results indicate that increased funding is urgently needed for REE, especially for systems-based research in biologically diversified farming and ranching systems.
However, based on earlier assumptions that extensive communal pastoral systems were inefficient and irrational (Hardin 1968), vast tracts of supposedly unused/empty land were expropriated and sedentarization was encouraged through modern fenced ranching systems.
Furthermore, as climate changes, the existing economic benefits to the Namibian economy associated with pastoralism and wildlife-based tourism will likely be magnified, as capital-intensive commercial fenced ranching systems become less economic.
For instance, studies by Cossins and Upton (1988) show that Ethiopian Borana pastoralists had higher returns of both energy and protein per hectare than industrialized ranching systems in Australia.
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