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This time equates to resistance ratios in the field population versus the susceptible (laboratory raised) strain of 54- fold, 141-fold, and 730-fold in the 3 successive sampling periods.
In the current study, we showed that cone bioassays for new and used LLINS were less effective at killing the field-caught An. gambiae mosquitoes than they were against a standard susceptible (laboratory raised) strain, which provided additional evidence for the effect of resistance.
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Two other studies have used the LT50 method to assess the strength of resistance to pyrethroids in field populations compared with susceptible (laboratory raised) strains.
And today's challenges, with more than 65 million displaced people worldwide, raises strained historical echoes of World War II and the Holocaust.
Since the mode coupling between core and cladding modes based on the photoelastic effect is enhanced by increasing strain, the extinction ratio of the PMF-based MRLPG is obviously raised by strain.
Only 10%% of the field isolates were neutralized by both paired anti-sera raised against strain F9, 44%% were neutralized by both paired anti-sera raised against strain 255, whereas 73%% of the field isolates were neutralized by combinations of the anti-sera against strains G1 and 431, where at least one of the paired anti-sera always was neutralizing (Table 2).
Membrane stained with Mmm specific rabbit serum raised against strain Afade (1 2500) and goat anti-rabbit alkaline phosphatase conjugated (1 500) (Sigma) and visualized by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT, Sigma).
As recently reported for a variant of ECHO 4 serum pools raised against strains isolated more than 40 years ago did not neutralize the virus [ 15].
This divergence in identification may be explained in part by technical insufficiency of the seroneutralization typing protocol (e.g. cross reacting activity, use of pools raised against strains prevalent more than 30 years ago).
For comparison, we also raised two strains of D. melanogaster (wild-type Berlin and Canton-S) on the same media (see 'Materials and methods').
The nontoxic, copper free nature has raised this strain-promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) as one of the top choices of bioorthogonal reactions, in addition to the fact that none of the reactive functionalities of this cycloaddition reaction are found in or reactive toward biological systems.
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