This reduction of the fixed costs of work not only increases labour supply at the intensive margin, but also induces non-working individuals to participate and thus raises labour force participation as well (e.g. Oi 1976; Cogan 1981; Black et al. 2014).
To boost its potential growth rate, the OECD reckons that Austria needs to raise labour-force participation, especially among older workers.
At their summit in Stockholm in 2001, the countries of the European Union set themselves a target (as they like to do) of raising labour-force participation by 55-64-year-olds 55-64-year-olds 55-64-year-olds 55-64-year-olds
For now, China has the challenge of trying to raise the productivity of a shrinking labour force who are working more in service sector jobs.
32 Furthermore, a better education usually implies more opportunities in the labour force market and raises more income, which closely influence healthy behaviours for chronic disease management.
If the euro area lifted its employment ratio to American levels over a 20-year period, this could increase its labour force by 1% a year, thereby raising the region's growth potential by the same amount.
The results also imply that raising the costs of out-of-work welfare might also promote labour force participation.
Reconstruction after the war had boosted growth; the movement of workers out of farming and into industry had raised both productivity and GDP; and many more women had entered the labour force, lifting output.
They can raise the retirement age, open the doors to immigration and tempt more people into the labour force.
Although our results clearly stress the need for optimised treatment and care for young people on DP, they also raise important questions about how mental health is affected by early disability, exclusion from the labour force, and DP per se.
