Sturdy drills and cheap new pumps have made much of that water available — liberating millions of farmers from centuries of dependence on rain.
The fit parameters were found to have dependence on rain rate.
This is consistent with dispersal dominated by highly localized transport, such as by insects or rain splash, and less dependence on longer distance dispersal such as wind transport.
As the United Nations Environmental Program UNEPP) notes, this vulnerability is compounded by long-standing conflict, widespread poverty, food insecurity, and a "strong dependence on rain-fed agriculture with minimal arable land".
A recent vulnerability mapping in Africa categorized Ethiopia in the group of most sensitive countries to environmental change with heavy dependence upon subsistence rain-fed agriculture (Mamo and Getachew 2010).
With such pervasive dependence on subsistence rain-fed agriculture, the region ranks among Ghana's most impoverished regions [ 19, 22, 23], with low literacy and a per capita income level that is estimated to be about a quarter of the level estimated for Ghana as a whole [ 24].
In tropical Africa, such information is imperative given the dependence of the population on rain-fed agriculture.
Droughts are becoming more frequent and the dependence on natural resources and rain-fed agriculture makes the area highly vulnerable to the erratic rainfall.
Africa's high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and variability is exacerbated by widespread poverty, recurrent droughts and floods, dependence on natural resources and biodiversity, over dependence on rain fed agriculture and conflicts that have engulfed the continent (Davidson et al. 2003 as cited in Nyong et al. 2007).
Climate change is particularly thought to be adversely affecting the livelihoods in rural locations because of dependence on subsistence agriculture and the vagaries of monsoon rain and unpredictable floods.
