Sentence examples for rail surface and from inspiring English sources
Secondary cracks initiated at an angle of 160° with respect to the rail surface and further bifurcated in tertiary cracks.
When the grinding temperature exceeds 600 °C, the grinding burn occurs on the rail surface and accompanies with the appearance of white etching layer (WEL).
Then three-dimensional finite element models were created to predict rail surface and subsurface stresses under different amplitudes of wheel/rail forces.
The results show that the time-varying probability density evolution functions of the wheel/rail contact points can effectively indicate both the phenomenon of wear on the rail surface and its distribution characteristics.
Primary cracks initiated at an angle of 10 15° with respect to the rail surface and then turned down at an angle of 50° with respect to the rail surface.
If (x p, y q ) and (x p, yq + 1) satisfy the determination of the rail boundary points in Eq. 3, the (x p, y q ) is the lower boundary point of the rail surface and the (x p, yq + 1) is the upper boundary point of the rail.
Research efforts have included understanding of possible relationships between the narrow and brittle white etching layers (WELs) observed on rail surfaces and squat formation in rails.
White etching layers (WELs) in the form of thermally induced martensite spots are often associated to so-called stud defects on rail surfaces and so-called rolling contact fatigue clusters on wheel treads.
Although various PSD functions have been proposed for fitting the measured PSD roughness, it has been found that most pavement profiles including road surface, runway surface, and rail-track surface exhibit very similar trends of PSD curves.
Sun and Simson [18] studied rail corrugation using an integrated model including rail surface roughness and stick slip vibration of the wheel rail system.
The method can determine the squat locations, is sensitive to small rail surface defects and allows the detection of squats in their initial stages.
