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The implication was that there was a semi-regular exchange of animals between the two continents (across what is now the Bering Strait) resulting in multiple small radiations in each place.
The origins of these ancestral lineages were followed by the onset of radiations in each lineage during the Jurassic (200-146 Ma), with the estimated ages of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the modern Cypriniformes = 160 Ma 130-186 Maa); Gymnotiformes = 189 Ma 166-212 Maa); Citharinoidei = 160 Ma 124-190 Maa); Characoidei = 192 (172-213 Mand and Siluriformes = 180 Ma 162-198 Maa).
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A charged particle traversing this detector produces characteristic electromagnetic radiation in each layer that is measured in the gas filled array of straw tubes.
The back-projection method determines which grid points are the sources of seismic radiation in each designated time window of the P wave.
The euthanized mice were dissected, the organs were weighed, and the radiation in each organ was measured using a PerkinElmer gamma counter.
To investigate the consequences of irradiation on each cell type, DNA damage was measured following radiation in each population.
Graph shows the difference in RNase T1 cleavage in the native state minus the denatured state after normalizing the total amount of radiation in each lane to the WT, no Mg2+ levels.
To evaluate the difference of the frequencies of chromosomal breaks between the different treatments (Spontaneous, bleomycin, and radiation) in each group (patients, parents, or controls) the Friedman test was used.
Samples were loaded on a 12% polyacrylamide-urea sequencing gel (0.4 mm gel thickness) and run for 2 hr at 65 W. For analysis, data were normalized to total amount of radiation in each lane before subtracting the appropriate non-native T1 cleavage signal (G ladders) from the native T1 cleavage signal.
Rather than using conventional fuel rod assemblies of the sort leaking radiation in Japan, each packed with nearly 400 pounds of uranium, the Chinese reactors will use hundreds of thousands of billiard-ball-size fuel elements, each cloaked in its own protective layer of graphite.
These five plant groups are premier examples of adaptive radiation in Macaronesia, each of which underwent rapid radiation after a single colonization event from continental source area, and distributed in more than one archipelago.
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