Therefore, WGDs have been associated with important evolutionary events such as extensive radiation and adaptation towards changing environments (Christoffels et al. 2004; Young et al. 2011).
The cotton genus (Gossypium) originated approximately 12 million years ago (MYA) [ 1] and underwent rapid radiation and adaptation to many arid or seasonally arid tropical or subtropical regions of the world [ 2, 3].
Epigenetic processes are known to play a key role in hybridization events (Wendel 2000), for example through stabilizing novel hybrid genotypes (Finnegan 2002), and they could contribute to the rapid radiation and adaptation of invasive hybrid taxa (Prentis et al. 2008).
Furthermore, these data will serve as a basis for exploring the molecular genetics of host plant radiation and adaptation more broadly in the closely-related members of the R. pomonella species group, which contains a bevy of host-plant specialists including the economically-important blueberry maggot R. mendax and the newly identified " Lonicera fly," an example of hybrid speciation.
By applying a maximum likelihood based continuous regression method, we show that codon bias and intron content of genes vary among the insects in a phylogeny-dependent manner, but with no evidence of adaptive radiation or species-specific adaptation.
Along those lines, many countries with large Muslim populations, such as Maldives, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Somalia, fell toward the bottom of the list, likely because of their skin pigmentation, a traditional style of dress that's protective against high ambient UV radiation and an adaptation in behavior over the years.
Evolution of extreme resistance to ionizing radiation via genetic adaptation of DNA repair.
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It does not appear to be driven by the obvious hump in the plot at 16.5 Ma ago, which appears to be an artifact traceable to the large basal polytomy within Procyonidae mimicking an adaptation radiation at this time.
To disentangle the effects of chance and adaptation during adaptive radiations, we started a series of long-term selection experiments with the microbe Escherichia coli [12], [13], [14], [15], [16].
From such a basal stock there has been a complex diversification (radiation) of trophic adaptations.
