By tuning the time delay between printing and sintering, exposure wavelength, radiant energy, pulse width and the distance between the light-source and substrate, photosintering conditions were optimized so that variations in sheet resistance for different line widths were minimized.
In this study we investigated the feasibility of recording pain-related evoked potentials during continuous and simultaneous collection of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR images at 3 T. Brain potentials were elicited by selective stimulation of cutaneous Aδ and C nociceptors using brief radiant laser pulses (laser-evoked potentials, LEPs).
Laser-generated radiant heat pulses selectively excite free nerve endings in the superficial skin layers and activate Aδ and C nociceptors and evoke scalp potentials.
Brief radiant heat pulses, produced by CO2 laser stimulation, activate selectively Aδ and C fibres and generate an evoked potential that can be recorded from the temples (early component, N1) and the vertex (late components, N2-P2) of the skull.
Radiant, precise pulsing kaleidoscopic patterns float across the top third of the painting.
Noxious radiant heat pulses (4 ms duration) were generated by an infrared neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-perovskite (Nd : YAP) laser with a wavelength of 1.34 µm (Electronic Engineering, Florence, Italy).
The narrative starts with the 150-year-old notion that some trace gases are transparent to sunlight but opaque to infrared radiation, the radiant energy that pulses from a sun-warmed sidewalk long after dusk.
Radiant heat laser pulses, which excite intraepidermal Aδ- and C-fiber endings without coactivating mechanoreceptors, 5 are commonly delivered using beam diameters of 4 to 7mm.
To ensure that painful stimuli did not activate skin mechanoreceptors, we used radiant heat laser pulses that selectively activate Aδ nociceptive afferents [ 5], eliciting a purely painful pinprick sensation [ 6] (Experimental Procedures; see also Movie S1 available online for a video of the laser stimulation).
When comparing experimental threshold values for LIOB in water, numerous values for threshold pulse energy, radiant exposure, or irradiance are available which depend on parameters such as wavelength, pulse duration, and numerical aperture, and which are additionally influenced by side-effects such as self-focusing and aberrations.
