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These results differ from those obtained over pastoral Sahelian sites, where both vegetation and soil moisture play significant roles in radar response.
Figure 13 Fixed receiver image verification: (a) Photograph of target at (625,120 m, (b) radar response of (a), taken from Figure 12 (b), (c) theoretical PSF for a point target.
As radar response varies as a function of the distance, the probabilities of correct and false detection knowing the presence of mobile objects have been computed as a function of the distance and are presented in Figure 8.
Testing included basic ranging to the coal surface, and also detailed analysis of the changes in the radar response based on the presence of various targets on the coal surface that would typically be encountered in the mine environment, e.g., the plate-washers (Hargrave et al. 2007).
With this model, we studied the radar response in the form of intensity and correlation imaging function and found that the application of the correlation imaging function significantly improves a ratio between the scattered signal from buried objects and the scattering from a rough boundary.
Spectral confusion in a few small areas also contributed to potential settlement mapping errors, where what appeared to be non-settlement land cover had an almost identical spectral and radar response to settlements identified using Africover polygons.
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To investigate the impact of measurement technique on observed response, the TDR data reported here were used to produce simulated zero offset profile (ZOP) borehole radar responses.
In areas of great topographic variation, the radar responses due to the topography are often greater than, or mistaken for, those from settlements, so a 'terrain ruggedness index' [19] image was created from a 90 metre spatial resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM).
Water content, chloride content and carbonation are three durability indicators that affect not only concrete properties and integrity, but also the ground penetrating radar (GPR) response.
The ground penetrating radar (GPR) response and geochemical signatures given by archaeological structures and palaeolandscape features, presented here improves the quality and reliability of scientific information derived from archaeological prospection in wetland contexts.
The received target backscatter at the radar in response to the transmitted signal can be expressed as X r ( t ) = k 1 X ( ( 1 + α ) t − τ o ), (9).
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