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Of course, white flight and the relaxing of court orders that mandated school integration have played a part in low rates of racial exposure in school, says Rivkin.
This could be further augmented with sample collection over longer intervals that, when coupled with the NHANES demographic information, would provide perspective on ethnic, gender, and/or racial exposure trends.
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There were significant racial differences in exposure to stress at the community level (eg, 63% of the black women lived in neighborhoods with aggravated assault rates that were above the citywide mean compared with 25% of the white women).
We emphasize racial differences in exposure to stress, rather than racial differences in response to stress.
Additional considerations, including genetic and racial differences in exposure and development, would require considerably larger sample size.
17 A mechanically tighter orbit may contribute to the racial differences in exposure outcomes noted in our study.
The biomonitoring data for methyl eugenol suggest no sex, racial, and ethnic exposure differences (Barr et al. 2000).
Environmental threats to children's health--especially low-level lead exposure--are complex and multifaceted; consequently, mitigation of these threats has proven costly and insufficient and has produced economic and racial disparities in exposure among populations.
We conclude that differences in cotinine levels among smokers suggest racial variation in exposure to and/or metabolism of tobacco smoke constituents, but our findings do not support a role for menthol preference in this disparity.
Although ethnic minority groups are more likely to experience racial discrimination, this exposure has previously been shown to be detrimental to a range of health outcomes regardless of ethnic group status (Paradies, 2006).
The modeling results also confirm emerging evidence of racial disparities in exposure to air pollutants from mobile emission sources, including two studies in California examining traffic density and the demographic makeup of schools near major traffic corridors (Green et al. 2004; Gunier et al. 2003).
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