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The most dispiriting possibility is that racially diverse electorates may inherently add racial cleavages to otherwise "neutral" issues, and that polarization becomes inevitable.
"There's an absence of racial cleavages that hang over politics here," said Joseph Lowndes, an assistant professor of political science at the University of Oregon.
This would require implementing strong social and economic policies which would mitigate the deep racial cleavages which have divided Fiji for decades.
Under this scenario, the regime fails to effectively implement the social and economic policies that might mitigate the deep racial cleavages which have divided Fiji.
As labor historian James Wolfinger observed, the strike "demonstrated the profound racial cleavages, that divided the working class, not just in the South but across the nation".
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Devolution is viewed in many countries as a way to dampen regional, racial, ethnic, or religious cleavages, particularly in multiethnic societies, such as Sri Lanka and Indonesia.
In the United States, because of its history of slavery, the Civil War, and mass immigration, the divisions have never been that simple: vertical cleavages along racial, ethnic, and regional lines have often trumped the horizontal class divide.
Looking at the cleavages that are widening between different racial groups, this is a clear indication that the problem of racial differences exist in South Africa.
Lowry relentlessly tells us how many blacks were lynched each year and quotes Woodrow Wilson's bland defense of segregation throughout the government as a social cleavage that "unfortunately corresponds with the racial line".
There are other demographic cleavages in US voting, but they don't appear quite as dramatic as the racial one.
Medieval cleavages?
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