Sympatric host races are detected through molecular markers revealing restricted gene flow among populations inhabiting different hosts and through patterns of local adaptation, i.e., negative correlations between relative performance on different hosts [ 9, 10].
For example, strong genetic differentiation in maize and mugwort races of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) was reported by Thomas et al. [ 43] based on allozyme markers, while only low genetic differentiation of races was detected by mitochondrial DNA analysis [ 43, 44].
The genes Sr24 and Sr36 are resistant to the race TTKSK, yet no SNPs associated with resistance to this race were detected in the chromosomes containing these genes.
One-hundred and nine SNPs associated with seedling resistance to the newly detected Ethiopian stem rust race TKTTF were detected on five chromosomes: 1AS, 4AL, 5AL, 6BL, and 7AS.
b NBS-LRR-encoding and related genes for which RACE-PCR products were detected for either 5' or 3'end, or both.
There were two QTL-Qscn14-1 and Qscn14-2 for SCN race 14 resistance were detected on MLG O in the intervals Satt345-Satt259 and Satt153-Satt550 that explained 8.84% and 4.97% of the phenotypic variance in both years, and 15.14% in 2007.
This sequence was confirmed by RACE PCR and transcripts were detected in a variety of tissues including lymph node, spleen, liver, lung, heart, kidney, small intestine, brain and salivary glands, thus providing evidence that they are not an artefact of the transcriptome assembly (data not shown).
No relevant new foot joint or tendon lesions were detected during the race over 4487 km.
Cleavage sites of complementary sequence to miRNAs were detected by 5′ RACE.
The transcription start sites for the BDNF and antiBDNF transcripts were detected with 5′ RACE using the GeneRacer Kit (Invitrogen) for full-length, RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of 5′ cDNA ends, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
