The Lands of Fa'Diel are populated with a large number of different creatures, including humans, faeries, demons, the jewel-hearted Jumi race, plant-like Sproutlings and Flowerlings, miner bears called Dudbears, and shadowy beings of the Underworld known as Shadoles.
In this "arms race" plants induce an array of defense mechanisms that although not always successful, demand a substantial reallocation of energy towards the defense response and this provision of energy for defense processes necessitate the modification of primary metabolism [11].
Furthering the arms race, plant-encoded resistance (R) proteins directly or indirectly recognize virulence effectors and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
It cost 33 million to build, and its architect, Arthur Froelich who has made a point of seeing racing plants all over the world (he flew to Hong Kong not long ago to have a look at the Happy Valley racecourse), says there's nothing like it anywhere.
We evaluated the Arabidopsis counterpart (AtRAce) and an acidified derivative (mRAce) of the conserved carboxyl extension (RAce) of plant Rubisco activase (RCA) for their thermostabilizing properties in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a protein fusion strategy.
In contrast to the adaptation described above, this evolutionary process would involve an arms race between plant and pathogen [17], [37].
In this model, small conformational changes in the RDG2A protein restore the interaction with variant versions of the avirulence gene product, during an arms race between plant and pathogen.
This emphasizes the diversification of endoxylanases and that subtle amino acid changes can be a driving force in the coevolutionary arms race between plant and pathogen.
Co-localizing QTL that derive from the same experimental population used in different studies were considered if the fungal race or plant growth stage analyzed were not identical.
R-genes typically show an unusually high turnover rate due to strong selection to keep up in a biological arms race with plant pathogens [ 31, 67].
