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We used forward-backward translation: the questions were translated into Dutch by one translator and then translated back into English by an independent translator who was blinded to the original questionnaire [ 17].
For Spanish and Cantonese interviews, survey questions were translated and back-translated in their respective languages.
Questions were translated into Portuguese, back-translated again into English and tested in a previous study [ 24].
The questions were translated according to QoL Group translation guidelines into Chinese Mandarin, Italian and German (Dewolf et al, 2009).
Interview questions were translated into Portuguese by professional translators and translated back into German by the accompanying translators.
If the source of the questions were from validated English questionnaires, the questions were translated to Chinese and back translation was done to ensure the consistence of the meaning.
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The questionnaire containing 110 mostly closed questions was translated from English into Northern Sotho and Afrikaans; the translations were tested in a pilot study and validated.
In one obvious sense, they don't: the questions are translated into different languages which, according to one Norwegian academic, "results in rather strange prose" in his country.
On the second, "it's not easy interviewing him because he claims not to speak English, so your questions are translated and his replies are then translated back into your earpiece".
Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ) consisting of eight "yes" or "no" questions was translated into Chinese.
The DIPA-questions were translated into Dutch by the first (MRG) and second author (EPMM) in consultation with a clinical psychologist/psychotherapist and a child and adolescent psychiatrist (the fourth author; RJLL).
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