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Some questions of probability evaluation of design procedures are discussed through selected illustrative examples of reliability studies, namely the necessity of complex parallel study of both the action and resistance parameters in the specified design criterion.
Most questions of probability in the 17th century were solved, as Pascal solved his, by redefining the problem in terms of a series of games in which all players have equal expectations.
In this section, we will present a first family of probability logics, which are used to study questions of "probability preservation" (or dually, "uncertainty propagation").
Altman's account of Shakespeare's rhetorical inheritance examines the works of Greek sophists, especially Protagoras and Plato, to show how Iago's rhetorical handle on Othello's situation and disposition (kairos) causes Othello to abandon questions of probability for false certitude.
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It's a question of probability, not certainty – an underlying predisposition, as it were, that might be triggered by unpredictable events.
Although working out what cards might be dealt was a question of probability, solving that problem alone wasn't enough to win: he'd also need to anticipate what his opponent might do.
Racine's approach to the question of probability was turned completely around by Dryden, who asked: How many beautiful accidents might naturally happen in two or three days, which cannot arrive with any probability in the compass of twenty-four hours?
In other words, if we know the probabilities of the argument's premises, then we can calculate the exact probability of its conclusion, and thus provide a complete answer to the question of probability preservation for this particular argument (for example, if P(p ∨ q) = 6∕7 and P(p → q) = 5∕7, then P q) = 4∕7).
So we tend to assess the question of probability by seeing if we can recall instances in which the harm actually materialized.
We are thus concerned with a question of probabilities and must take account, among other factors, of the extent to which other safeguards are available to protect the integrity of the truth-determining process at trial.
"The Hidden Reality" moves on to increasingly speculative and exotic discussions of a bubble multiverse ("Think of the universe as a gigantic block of Swiss cheese.... ......) a holographic one, a brane-world scenario (courtesy of string theory), computer-driven simulations, questions of how probability relates to infinity, and the Many Worlds view of quantum mechanics.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com