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In March 1863, The Times published "What If Your Uncle Had Been Your Aunt?" The article mocked Hugo the historian, who throughout the novel raises questions of contingency.
Decisively answering questions of contingency and determinism and repeatability and the number of paths between states requires examination of many paths, not just one.
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Among the few studies addressing the question of historical contingency in virus evolution, Burch and Chao identified two populations of different evolvability during fitness recovery after a mutation accumulation experiment in the bacteriophage ϕ6 [ 10]: one was climbing a fitness peak whereas the other was at the top of a second, less optimal, fitness peak [ 21].
The relationship between God's absolute power and the ordained system in place at any given time provided a fault line for exploring questions of necessity and contingency.
The question of what contingencies associative learning detects (that is, one's preferred analysis of what the associative relation R is), is up for debate and changes between theorists.
The question of which contingencies are allowable is non-trivial and is the subject of ongoing debate (Halpern & Hitchcock, 2010; Hiddleston, 2005; Hopkins & Pearl, 2003).
Although the probabilistic question formulated above can be cast in terms of contingency tables, the hypothesis tested by our statistic is different from that tested by standard contingency table analysis methods such as the χ2 test.
Expect plenty of questions to be raised in the coming days about the state of contingency plans.
A typical example of the Averroist frequency view of contingency is found in John of Jandun's Questions on Aristotle's De caelo I.34.
Since the contingency rule is a hallmark of conditioning, along with contiguity and prediction error, a question arises as to whether perceptual learning follows the same rules of contingency as found in conditioning.
Carney has not disclosed details of contingency planning by the Bank but on Tuesday tackled the currency question.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com