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These questions of causation may turn out to be difficult.
He avoids questions that cannot be answered by research, even questions of causation that engage most of his colleagues.
Moral and political philosophers, Hockett and Kreitner noted, have admirably tackled the "what inequalities matter" and "why" questions for decades now, while some social scientists have done helpful work on the questions of causation and cure.
This article reviews behavioral-genetic research to show how it can help address questions of causation in developmental psychopathology.
Griffiths (2008) has argued such a focus by the behavioral ecologists on questions of function at the expense of questions of causation, development and phylogeny (but especially development) was highly problematic, since the four questions cannot be properly answered independently.
Although ecologic studies, such as that presented here, cannot address questions of causation, the temporal lag between low UV exposure, vitamin D deficiency, and increased tuberculosis diagnoses supports the argument that vitamin D deficiency leads to tuberculosis, and not the converse.
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The question of causation, however, remains contested.
For Mr Freer, it is a question of causation.
It holds out the promise of perhaps being able to do an end run around the question of causation.
"In those 2013 experiments, we focused on the question of causation – can reading fiction cause improved theory of mind, at least in the immediate context of reading?
A series of such studies, analyzing a multitude of traits, would eventually result in a preponderance of evidence supporting either innovation or diffusion, thus resolving the question of causation in cultural evolution.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com