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However, if there is a poor response rate to these questionnaires the validity of the study may be at risk for two main reasons.
In the elderly they found that although there is a reasonable reliability (median correlation coefficient 0.60-0.65 in existing questionnaires and 0.70 in the newer questionnaires) the validity was 'poor to acceptable' in the elderly (0.35-0.40 in existing and 0.41 in new questionnaires).
The other 13 studies, including 2 that explicitly aimed to study the potentially modulating role of proficiency, relied on varying versions of self-ratings and language background questionnaires, the validity of which has only rarely been tested (for an exception, see Marian, Blumenfeld, & Kaushanskaya, 2007).
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As a result of the fieldwork carried out in the elaboration and filtering of the items in the questionnaire, the validity of the instrument was verified.
This is a generic questionnaire, the validity of which has been confirmed in Spain [ 42], that measures the quality of life as regards personal health.
Most investigations have assessed diet using food frequency questionnaires where the validity of total energy intake estimates are questioned [ 17].
Second, variables were assessed using simple self-administered questionnaires, but the validity and reliability of this methodology were not evaluated.
Except for a few difficulties that participants perceived when filling out the questionnaires, the content validity of both questionnaires was good.
While the items in the PHA were inspired by existing pain questionnaires, the reliability, validity, and construct mapping of item sets deployed in the PHA were not determined a priori in pilot studies.
Physical activity was measured by a questionnaire, and the validity and reliability of this method may be questionable [ 45].
The nested case control design, high follow-up rate, and high response rate for the retrospective supplementary questionnaire strengthen the validity of this study.
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