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Through BiNu's "Research and Rewards" platform, customers are prompted to opt in to receive surveys and questionnaires, for which they are rewarded with BiNu "credits", convertible to music, books or airtime.
There were 15 questionnaires for which the physician could not be reached or refused participation.
All questionnaires for which a German or French version did not exist were translated using a translation/back-translation procedure.
For this instrument relevant items were selected from existing questionnaires for which little psychometric information is available.
For 11 out of 22 questionnaires for which information on internal consistency was found, factor analysis was applied before calculating Cronbach's α.
For questions and questionnaires for which no validated translation was available (demographics and PRODISQ), a translation from Dutch to language of interest by professional translators was provided [ 13].
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All of these involve the use of a questionnaire, for which a large body of knowledge exists concerning the phrasing, sequencing, and grouping of questions.
Fifteen native Chinese speakers completed the questionnaire for which they (a) wrote out their interpretations of the underlined turn (which contained a targeted implicature) and (b) rated the degree of real-life authenticity for each dialog on a 5-point scale (i.e., 1 point being least plausible in real life and 5 points being truly authentic).
The primary and secondary meanings of these 61 words were further paired in a semantic relatedness questionnaire, for which 62 participants (17 males and 45 females, aged between 19 26 years old, mean age = 22.19, SD = 2.54) rated relatedness of meaning using a 7-point scale (1 = not related, 7 = closely related).
Their quantitative analysis involved a questionnaire for which the content was reviewed by two researchers in the field.
Quality of life was measured using the Short Form 36-Item questionnaire (SF-36), a questionnaire for which there is evidence of validity among ICU survivors [ 26].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com