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In this de-resuscitation phase, we try to find an answer to the third and fourth question: "When to start fluid removal?" and "When to stop fluid removal?" in order to find the balance between the benefits (reduction in second and third space fluid accumulation and tissue oedema) and risk (hypoperfusion) of fluid removal.
In this phase, on an individual basis for each patient, we try to find an answer to the first question: "When to start fluid therapy?" At the very initial phase of septic shock, answering the question is easy: fluid administration will significantly increase cardiac output in almost all cases.
There are no comparative studies addressing the question when to start prophylactic antibiotics and how long to administer them.
We then present an application of regression discontinuity to answer a much-debated question: when to start treating HIV patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
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After the introduction of zidovudine monotherapy as a potentially effective agent, the question of "when to start" this poorly tolerated drug became a dominant clinical question.
JOPLIN, Mo. — As rescue workers continue to sift through the wreckage of this city piece by piece, hoping to unearth survivors and victims of a lethal tornado, local leaders have been wrestling with the difficult question of when to start cleaning up the destroyed area.
Furthermore, future studies are needed to address the question of when to start and to stop RRT in patients with (persisting) multi-organ failure.
The study does not address the controversial question of when to start treatment, but Palella says it bolsters the growing consensus that high levels of HIV lead to systemic inflammation that can damage the heart, liver, and other organs, shortening life--even in the absence of the runaway opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
This paper applies such an analysis to the question of when to start antiretroviral treatment.
Irrespective of adjuvant therapy, the question remains when to start the RT after lumpectomy.
The question of when to start combination antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naïve patients has always been controversial.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com