Sentence examples for question were calculated using from inspiring English sources

Percentage scores for each question were calculated using the scoring rubric outlined in Additional file 2. The three domains, (i) government engagement, (ii) partner and civil society engagement, and (iii) data generation, were also aggregated to form an index score, the HIV M&E System Capacity Index (MESCI) (see Additional file 2 for individual components and scoring calculations).

For each type of research use, the internal reliability coefficient of the corresponding questions was calculated, using Cronbach's Alpha [ 23].

To address the first research question, descriptive statistics were calculated using teachers' responses to the six individual teaching for conceptual understanding items and the results were represented both graphically and numerically.

Correlations between questions 1 4 and, respectively, questions 9 and 10 were calculated using Pearson χ² test.

The measure of association between variables of the same theme, for example the three questions related to accessibility, were calculated using the Pearson's phi for nominal dichotomous data.

Decision (D) studies were conducted to determine the number of assessors required to achieve an inter-rater reliability of 0.8, as required in high-stakes assessment [ 9] 95%% confidence intervals for reliabilities (Questions 4 and 5) were calculated using Fisher's ZR transformation [ 9].

Averages were calculated using three spike-ins.

Modeled scattering intensities were calculated using CRYSOL63.

Read counts were calculated using HTSeq-count.

Relative expression levels were calculated using 2−△△Ct method2−△△Ct

Component scores were calculated using regression models.