Questions of depression were based on DSM IV, section A criteria for a major depressive episode.
The tricky thing is that often women may not think of their depression as being related to their self-expression: Our medicalized psychotherapy culture has too often reduced questions of depression to genetics, or other seemingly "scientific", static explanations.
The internal consistency of the questions of depression was α = 0.83.
The HSCL-10 asks for presence of symptoms during the last week, and includes 3 questions of symptoms of anxiety, 6 questions of depression, and one question relevant for both anxiety and depression.
Yet little experimental evidence addresses the critical clinical question of whether depression treatment improves ARV adherence and clinical outcomes in PLWHA with depression.
As far as the question of the Depression's impact goes, it's difficult to reconcile the idea that the Depression made Americans permanently frugal with the reality that, in the years after the Second World War, the U.S. saw an absolutely massive boom (see pp. 24-26) that was driven largely by consumer spending.
This is all apart from the fraught question of clinical depression.
These findings raise the question of whether depression is the earliest sign of cognitive decline or an actual risk factor for dementia.
This scale consists of 20 questions addressing six symptoms of depression, including depressed mood, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, helplessness or hopelessness, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbance experienced during the preceding week.
For study question 3 (persistence of depression) we examined separately for men and women the number of occasions in which individual students' HADS-D score indicated depression.
