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They are also expensive and politically sensitive and can thus be hard for private firms to finance.Evaluating the effect of public investment on growth is muddied by the question of causality: does infrastructure spending boost growth or do faster-growing countries spend more on infrastructure?
The question of causality is, unfortunately, not resolved by the present analysis.
An improved understanding of the precise mechanism(s) of C. pneumoniae involvement in atherogenesis may help resolve the question of causality however, at the present time, we interpret the data as favoring a contributory rather than a causal role.
These results support the hypothesis that pro-environmental attitudes are closely associated with the stronger 'forgiveness factor' often observed in green buildings, but the question of causality remains moot.
Nevertheless, the question of causality is still far from settled, with recent studies reporting findings that are more mixed (cf., Eliason and Storrie 2009; Salm 2009; Schmitz 2011; Gathergood 2013).
Even before the new analysis there was a reason to question the study's implication of causality, as Zavodny herself acknowledges in the e-mail: "I agree that the question of causality is fundamental".
Similar(30)
But it does pose questions of causality.
They are questions of causality – and as any good lawyer knows, establishing a chain of causality is often the most difficult chore in a case.
"This work supports the assertion that poor mental health is exacerbated by financial problems and, though questions of causality remain, indicates that mental well-being and financial management are inextricably intertwined," the report found.
Questions of causality are best addressed through experiments.
A complete and integrated answer to research questions of causality in health and illness requires both proximate and evolutionary approaches.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com