Exact(5)
The framing of the starting question is determined by the goal of the NG meetings.
This provides a basis for an evidence-based approach to item development where the number of response options for each question is determined independently.
Once the question is determined, the creation of the a priori framework for the synthesis is conducted simultaneously with but independently from the search for and selection of the primary research studies to be included in the review and synthesis.
Small molecules are passively exchanged across the membrane between the perfusate and probe surroundings along the concentration gradient, and dialysate is collected from the outflow tube and the concentration of the solute in question is determined.
However, only half of the mutations that required author contact were satisfactorily resolved by these means, leading to their inclusion in HGMD; the ~2 % of unresolved missense/nonsense mutations will not be entered into HGMD unless or until the nature or precise location of the mutation(s) in question is determined to the satisfaction of the HGMD curators.
Similar(55)
The equilibrium geometries of the molecules in question were determined at the HF/6-31G(d) level of theory.
Following these recommendations, the percent of NHAs' not providing responses for each question was determined.
The Bloom's level of each question was determined by a team of three faculty members with experience "Blooming" questions.
Then, the proportion that endorsed each response option to each question was determined, score distributions were examined, and profession-specific comparisons were made.
The cognitive skill level of each inventory question was determined by consensus of two independent, experienced raters using methodology described elsewhere (Crowe et al., 2008; O'Neill et al., 2010).
One of the most difficult questions is determining whether the shared mutations are homoplasious or synapomorphic.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com