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Statistical equating utilises the variant of item response theory (IRT) known as Rasch modelling (single-parameter IRT, 1-IRT) in which each item (question) is characterised by a single statistic known as the difficulty [ 5, 23, 25].
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18 During the analysis, possible answers for each question were characterised as positive (P), negative (N), or neutral (NEU) and pooled for each one of the themes (A, B and C; table 1).
Second, compared to statements, questions are characterised by a faster tempo.
Two questions were characterised as less relevant, and they also deviated more from the total score than the other questions.
The area in question measures about 2.6 km2 and is characterised by considerable landslide susceptibility also in non seismic conditions as evidenced by a number of surveys carried out over the past years.
The model is characterised by a traceable answering process of questions submitted to the centres, which are stored in full text in a searchable database.
As pancreatic cancer is characterised as a hypoxic tumour, we next questioned why there was negligible NDRG1 expression in the undifferentiated tumour cells.
If it characterises an age, then that age is characterised by solipsism and greed.
But this is characterised largely by its restraint.
"The industry is characterised by amazing debt levels," says Clarke.
It is characterised by a fear of silence.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com