There are unsolved problems in formalizing the nonmathematical sciences that seem to require thinking through new and different logical issues (quantum logic and the logic of induction, for instance).
We observed that the fluctuation in the set-up/hold time of single flux quantum logic gates caused by thermal noises is the most probable origin of the logical error of the large-scale single flux quantum circuit.
A different dispute in logic concerns "quantum logic".
American English's genius lies in its ability to accommodate such quantum logic -- to exist in two places or forms simultaneously -- and, instead of imploding, actually thrive and grow.
Because quantum logic will not let you look at intermediate answers without destroying the computation, even getting a quantum computer to accomplish something as simple as factoring a number into its divisors needs a touch of genius.
Researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark propose a new way to make a quantum logic gate that could become the building block of a new generation of atomtronic computing devices.
Following a similar quantum logic, theorists have proposed that whole universes, little bubbles of space-time, could pop into existence, like bubbles in boiling water, out of this nothing.
One may mention many-valued, or multivalued, logics, which admit a finite number of truth-values; fuzzy logic, with an imprecise membership relationship (though, paradoxically, a precise equality relation); and quantum logic, where conjunction may be only partially defined and implication may not be defined at all.
In 1985 David Deutsch of the University of Oxford described the construction of quantum logic gates for a universal quantum computer, and in 1994 Peter Shor of AT&T devised an algorithm to factor numbers with a quantum computer that would require as few as six qubits (although many more qubits would be necessary for factoring large numbers in a reasonable time).
This is the approach of quantum logic.
Reichenbach's quantum logic has three values, True, Indeterminate, and False.
